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Cultural-historical activity theory
Cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT)〔Or Activity Theory (AT), as it is also known. 〕 is a theoretical framework〔 notes that activity theory is a "''a research framework and set of perspectives''", not a hard and fast methodology or strongly predictive single theory.〕 which helps to understand and analyse the relationship between the human mind (what people think and feel) and activity (what people do).〔: ''"CHAT was conceived of as a concrete psychology immersed in everyday (praxis )"'': "''consciousness is located in everyday practice: you are what you do''” 〕 It traces its origins to the founders〔In the 1920s till the mid 1930s.〕 of the cultural-historical school of Russian psychology L. S. Vygotsky and Aleksei N. Leontiev.〔Leontiev may at times also be spelled as Leontyev and Leont'ev.〕〔It is well known that the Soviet philosopher of psychology (S.L.Rubinshtein ), independently of Vygotsky's work, developed his own variant of activity as a philosophical and psychological theory. re: V. Lektorsky in ;( Brushlinskii, A. V. 2004 ). Engeström would be happy to also include (the account of A.T. ) reference to Luria, Zinchenko (father, Peter, and son, Vladimir), Elkonin, Davydov, Brushlinsky and Rubstov (as well as to various other figures who have influenced activity-theory in the West, such as Dewey, Mead, and Wittgenstein). 〕〔Political restrictions in its country of origin (Stalinist Russia) had suppressed the cultural-historical psychology – also known as the Vygotsky School – in the mid-thirties. This meant that the core "activity" concept remained confined to the field of psychology, although , in "''An Interdisciplinary Theory of Activity''", argues that it has the potential to evolve as a genuinely interdisciplinary concept. See also 〕 Especially since the 1990s, CHAT has attracted a growing interest among academics worldwide.〔 Introduction〕 Elsewhere CHAT has been defined as "a cross-disciplinary framework for studying how humans purposefully transform natural and social reality, including themselves, as an ongoing culturally and historically situated, materially and socially mediated process".〔CHAT explicitly incorporates the mediation of activities by ''society'', which means that it can be used to link concerns normally independently examined by sociologists of education and (social) psychologists. and 〕 Core ideas are: 1) humans act collectively, learn by doing, and communicate in and via their actions; 2) humans make, employ, and adapt tools of all kinds to learn and communicate; and 3) community is central to the process of making and interpreting meaning – and thus to all forms of learning, communicating, and acting.
The term CHAT was coined by Michael Cole and popularized by Yrjö Engeström〔The activity theoretical framework, as recently as the 1990s, was still referred to as "''one of the best kept secrets of academia''" ; 〕 to promote the unity of what, by the 1990s, had become a variety of currents〔Prominent among those currents are Cultural-historical psychology, in use since the 1930s, and Activity theory in use since the 1960s.〕 harking back to Vygotsky's work.
== Historical overview ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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